Hoarseness is a common symptom that many experience at some point in their lives. It can affect the quality of the voice, making it sound rough, strained, or weak. Although often temporary, it can be a sign of an underlying condition, especially if it persists. Understanding the causes of hoarseness and voice disorders, as well as when to seek help, can help prevent further damage and restore vocal health.
Hoarseness refers to a change in voice quality that causes a rough, asthmatic, or strained sound. It can be caused by various factors, from mild irritations, such as a cold, to more serious conditions that affect the vocal cords. Hoarseness is not an independent condition, but a symptom that indicates a problem in the larynx or vocal cords.
The voice is produced when air from the lungs passes through the larynx, causing the vocal cords to vibrate. If these strings become irritated, inflamed or damaged, the sound produced changes, causing hoarseness.
They are divided into temporary and chronic conditions. Understanding the underlying cause is critical for appropriate treatment.
One of the most common causes of hoarseness is viral infections, such as the common cold or flu. These infections can cause inflammation of the larynx (laryngitis), leading to swelling of the vocal cords and dysfunction of the voice. Usually, hoarseness due to a viral infection is temporary and subsides within a few days or a week.
Gastroesophageal reflux occurs when stomach acids rise into the esophagus and sometimes, reach the larynx. This acid can irritate the vocal cords, causing hoarseness, especially in the morning. Hoarseness due to reflux is often accompanied by a foreign body sensation in the throat, chronic cough or acidic taste in the mouth.
Excessive use of the voice, such as singing or speaking at volume for long periods of time, can strain the vocal cords and cause temporary hoarseness. Professionals who rely on their voice (teachers, singers, coaches) are at greater risk. Also, incorrect speaking or singing techniques can lead to permanent damage to the vocal cords.
Allergies can cause hoarseness through inflammation of the nasal cavities, paranasal sinuses, and throat. Posterior secretions can irritate the vocal cords, leading to hoarseness.
Nodules are benign formations on the vocal cords that develop due to chronic misuse of the voice. Polyps can result from injury or overuse of the voice.
Smoking is a major risk factor for hoarseness and other voice disorders. Toxic substances in smoke irritate the vocal cords, leading to chronic inflammation.
Neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's disease or a stroke, can affect the muscles that control the vocal cords.
Laryngeal cancer can cause persistent hoarseness as an early symptom, accompanied by difficulty swallowing, pain, or unexplained weight loss.
Often, hoarseness subsides with a rest of the voice. However, if you experience the following, it is important to seek medical help:
